Isolation and characterization of a molybdenum-reducing and orange G-decolorizing Enterobacter sp. strain Zeid-6 in soils from Sudan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54987/bstr.v3i2.295Keywords:
Bioremediation, molybdenum-reducing bacterium, molybdenum blue, dye-decolorizing bacterium, Enterobacter sp.Abstract
Chemical toxins and organic contaminants such as hydrocarbons and dyes are major global contaminants with countless tones of those chemicals are created yearly with a significant amount release to the environment. In this work we screen the ability of a molybdenum-reducing bacterium isolated from contaminated soil to decolorize various azo and triphenyl methane dyes independent of molybdenum reduction. Biochemical analysis resulted in a tentative identification of the bacterium as Enterobacter sp. strain Zeid-6. The bacterium was able to decolorize the azo dye Orange G. The bacterium reduces molybdate to Mo-blue optimally at pH between 5.5 and 8.0 and temperatures of between 30 and 37 oC. Other requirements include a phosphate concentration of 5 mM and a molybdate concentration of 20 mM. The absorption spectrum of the Mo-blue produced was similar to previous Mo-reducing bacterium, and closely resembles a reduced phosphomolybdate. Molybdenum reduction was inhibited by copper, lead, mercury and silver which showed 36.8, 16.9, 64.9 and 67.6% inhibition to Mo-reducing activity of Enterobacter sp. strain Zeid-6, respectively. The resultant molybdenum blue spectrum closely resembles the spectrum of molybdenum blue from the phosphate determination method. The ability of this bacterium to detoxify molybdenum and decolorize azo dye makes this bacterium an important tool for bioremediation.
References
Rahman MM, Jusoh I, Husaini A, Seman IA, Wong AHH. Microdistribution of tin in newly synthesized organotin(IV)-treated tropical wood cells. J Biol Sci. 2015;15(3):131–7.
Davis GK. Molybdenum. In: Merian E, editor. Metals and their Compounds in the Environment, Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance. New York: VCH Weinheim; 1991. p. 1089–1100.
Neunhäuserer C, Berreck M, Insam H. Remediation of soils contaminated with molybdenum using soil amendments and phytoremediation. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2001;128(1–2):85–96.
Kargar M, Khorasani N, Karami M, Rafiee G-R, Naseh R. Study of aluminum, copper and molybdenum pollution in groundwater sources surrounding (Miduk) Shahr-e- Babak copper complex tailings dam. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. 2011;76:412–6.
Yu C, Xu S, Gang M, Chen G, Zhou L. Molybdenum pollution and speciation in Nver river sediments impacted with Mo mining activities in Western Liaoning, northeast China. Int J Environ Res. 2011;5(1):205–12.
Geng C, Gao Y, Li D, Jian X, Hu Q. Contamination investigation and risk assessment of molybdenum on an industrial site in China. J Geochem Explor. 2014;144(PB):273–81.
Bi C-M, Zhang Y-L, Liu F-J, Zhou T-Z, Yang Z-J, Gao S-Y, et al. The effect of molybdenum on the in vitro development of mouse preimplantation embryos. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2013;59(2):69–73.
Zhai X-W, Zhang Y-L, Qi Q, Bai Y, Chen X-L, Jin L-J, et al. Effects of molybdenum on sperm quality and testis oxidative stress. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2013;59(5):251–5.
Zhang Y-L, Liu F-J, Chen X-L, Zhang Z-Q, Shu R-Z, Yu X-L, et al. Dual effects of molybdenum on mouse oocyte quality and ovarian oxidative stress. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2013;59(6):312–8.
Syed MA, Sim HK, Khalid A, Shukor MY. A simple method to screen for azo-dye-degrading bacteria. J Environ Biol. 2009;30(1):89–92.
Gaunt IF, Kiss IS, Grasso P, Gangolli SD. Short-term toxicity of orange G in pigs. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1973;11(3):367–74.
Gaunt IF, Wright M, Grasso P, Gangolli SD. Short-term toxicity of Orange G in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1971;9(3):329–42.
Zollinger H. Colour chemistry synthesis properties and application of organic dyes and pigments. VCH New York; 1991.
Chaudhari AU, Tapase SR, Markad VL, Kodam KM. Simultaneous decolorization of reactive Orange M2R dye and reduction of chromate by Lysinibacillus sp. KMK-A. J Hazard Mater. 2013;262:580–8.
Masdor N, Abd Shukor MS, Khan A, Bin Halmi MIE, Abdullah SRS, Shamaan NA, et al. Isolation and characterization of a molybdenum-reducing and SDS- degrading Klebsiella oxytoca strain Aft-7 and its bioremediation application in the environment. Biodiversitas. 2015;16(2):238–46.
Gusmanizar N, Halmi M, Rusnam M, Rahman M, Shukor M, Azmi N, et al. Isolation and characterization of a molybdenum-reducing and azo-dye decolorizing Serratia marcescens strain neni-1 from Indonesian soil. J Urban Environ Eng. 2016;10(1):113–23.
Yunus SM, Hamim HM, Anas OM, Aripin SN, Arif SM. Mo (VI) reduction to molybdenum blue by Serratia marcescens strain Dr. Y9. Pol J Microbiol. 2009;58(2):141–7.
Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1994.
Costin S, Ionut S. ABIS online - bacterial identification software, http://www.tgw1916.net/bacteria_logare.html, database version: Bacillus 022012-2.10, accessed on Mar 2015. 2015.
Shukor MS, Shukor MY. A microplate format for characterizing the growth of molybdenum-reducing bacteria. J Environ Microbiol Toxicol. 2014;2(2):42–4.
Campbell AM, Del Campillo-Campbell A, Villaret DB. Molybdate reduction by Escherichia coli K-12 and its chl mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985;82(1):227–31.
Ghani B, Takai M, Hisham NZ, Kishimoto N, Ismail AKM, Tano T, et al. Isolation and characterization of a Mo6+-reducing bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993;59(4):1176–80.
Shukor Y, Adam H, Ithnin K, Yunus I, Shamaan NA, Syed A. Molybdate reduction to molybdenum blue in microbe proceeds via a phosphomolybdate intermediate. J Biol Sci. 2007;7(8):1448–52.
Shukor MY, Habib SHM, Rahman MFA, Jirangon H, Abdullah MPA, Shamaan NA, et al. Hexavalent molybdenum reduction to molybdenum blue by S. marcescens strain Dr. Y6. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2008;149(1):33–43.
Rahman MFA, Shukor MY, Suhaili Z, Mustafa S, Shamaan NA, Syed MA. Reduction of Mo(VI) by the bacterium Serratia sp. strain DRY5. J Environ Biol. 2009;30(1):65–72.
Shukor MY, Rahman MF, Shamaan NA, Syed MS. Reduction of molybdate to molybdenum blue by Enterobacter sp. strain Dr.Y13. J Basic Microbiol. 2009;49(SUPPL. 1):S43–54.
Shukor MY, Rahman MF, Suhaili Z, Shamaan NA, Syed MA. Bacterial reduction of hexavalent molybdenum to molybdenum blue. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;25(7):1225–34.
Shukor MY, Ahmad SA, Nadzir MMM, Abdullah MP, Shamaan NA, Syed MA. Molybdate reduction by Pseudomonas sp. strain DRY2. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;108(6):2050–8.
Shukor MY, Rahman MF, Suhaili Z, Shamaan NA, Syed MA. Hexavalent molybdenum reduction to Mo-blue by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2010;55(2):137–43.
Lim HK, Syed MA, Shukor MY. Reduction of molybdate to molybdenum blue by Klebsiella sp. strain hkeem. J Basic Microbiol. 2012;52(3):296–305.
Abo-Shakeer LKA, Ahmad SA, Shukor MY, Shamaan NA, Syed MA. Isolation and characterization of a molybdenum-reducing Bacillus pumilus strain lbna. J Environ Microbiol Toxicol. 2013;1(1):9–14.
Ahmad SA, Shukor MY, Shamaan NA, Mac Cormack WP, Syed MA. Molybdate reduction to molybdenum blue by an antarctic bacterium. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013.
Halmi MIE, Zuhainis SW, Yusof MT, Shaharuddin NA, Helmi W, Shukor Y, et al. Hexavalent molybdenum reduction to Mo-blue by a sodium-dodecyl-sulfate- degrading Klebsiella oxytoca strain DRY14. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:Article number 384541.
Othman AR, Bakar NA, Halmi MIE, Johari WLW, Ahmad SA, Jirangon H, et al. Kinetics of molybdenum reduction to molybdenum blue by Bacillus sp. strain A.rzi. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:Article number 371058.
Khan A, Halmi MIE, Shukor MY. Isolation of Mo-reducing bacterium in soils from Pakistan. J Environ Microbiol Toxicol. 2014;2(1):38–41.
Shukor MY, Lee CH, Omar I, Karim MIA, Syed MA, Shamaan NA. Isolation and characterization of a molybdenum-reducing enzyme in Enterobacter cloacae strain 48. Pertanika J Sci Technol. 2003;11(2):261–72.
Halmi MIE bin, Abdullah SRS, Wasoh H, Johari WLW, Ali MS bin M, Shaharuddin NA, et al. Optimization and maximization of hexavalent molybdenum reduction to Mo-blue by Serratia sp. strain MIE2 using response surface methodology. Rendiconti Lincei. 2016;1–13.
Mansur R, Gusmanizar N, Dahalan FA, Masdor NA, Ahmad SA, Shukor MS, et al. Isolation and characterization of a molybdenum-reducing and amide-degrading Burkholderia cepacia strain neni-11 in soils from west Sumatera, Indonesia. IIOAB. 2016;7(1):28–40.
Sabullah MK, Rahman MF, Ahmad SA, Sulaiman MR, Shukor MS, Shamaan NA, et al. Isolation and characterization of a molybdenum-reducing and glyphosate-degrading Klebsiella oxytoca strain Saw-5 in soils from Sarawak. Agrivita. 2016;38(1):1–13.
Ibrahim Y, Abdel-Mongy M, Shukor MS, Hussein S, Ling APK, Shukor MY. Characterization of a molybdenum-reducing bacterium with the ability to degrade phenol, isolated in soils from Egypt. Biotechnologia. 2015;96(3):234–45.
Shukor MY, Halmi MIE, Rahman MFA, Shamaan NA, Syed MA. Molybdenum reduction to molybdenum blue in Serratia sp. strain DRY5 is catalyzed by a novel molybdenum-reducing enzyme. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014.
Shukor MY, Rahman MFA, Shamaan NA, Lee CH, Karim MIA, Syed MA. An improved enzyme assay for molybdenum-reducing activity in bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2008;144(3):293–300.
Ahmad WA, Wan Ahmad WH, Karim NA, Santhana Raj AS, Zakaria ZA. Cr(VI) reduction in naturally rich growth medium and sugarcane bagasse by Acinetobacter haemolyticus. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2013;85:571–6.
Smith WA, Apel WA, Petersen JN, Peyton BM. Effect of carbon and energy source on bacterial chromate reduction. Bioremediation J. 2002;6(3):205–15.
Sugiyama T, Sugito H, Mamiya K, Suzuki Y, Ando K, Ohnuki T. Hexavalent chromium reduction by an actinobacterium Flexivirga alba ST13T in the family Dermacoccaceae. J Biosci Bioeng. 2012;113(3):367–71.
Zhang Y, Okeke BC, Jr WTF. Bacterial reduction of selenate to elemental selenium utilizing molasses as a carbon source. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99(5):1267–73.
Glenn JL, Crane FL. Studies on metalloflavoproteins. V. The action of silicomolybdate in the reduction of cytochrome c by aldehyde oxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956;22(1):111–5.
Sims RPA. Formation of heteropoly blue by some reduction procedures used in the micro-determination of phosphorus. The Analyst. 1961;86(1026):584–90.
Shukor MY, Shamaan NA, Syed MA, Lee CH, Karim MIA. Characterization and quantification of molybdenum blue production in Enterobacter cloacae strain 48 using 12-molybdophosphate as the reference compound. Asia-Pac J Mol Biol Biotechnol. 2000;8(2):167–72.
Runnells DD, Kaback DS, Thurman EM. Geochemistry and sampling of molybdenum in sediments, soils, and plants in Colorado. In: Chappel WR, Peterson KK, editors. Molybdenum in the environment. New York: Marcel and Dekker, Inc.; 1976.
Shukor MY, Syed MA, Lee CH, Karim MIA, Shamaan NA. A method to distinguish between chemical and enzymatic reduction of molybdenum in Enterobacter cloacae strain 48. Malays J Biochem. 2002;7:71–2.
Sugiura Y, Hirayama Y. Structural and electronic effects on complex formation of copper(II) and nickel(II) with sulfhydryl-containing peptides. Inorg Chem. 1976;15(3):679–82.
Zeng G-M, Tang L, Shen G-L, Huang G-H, Niu C-G. Determination of trace chromium (VI) by an inhibition-based enzyme biosensor incorporating an electropolymerized aniline membrane and ferrocene as electron transfer mediator. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 2004;84(10):761–74.
Sangwan P, Kumar V, Joshi UN. Effect of chromium(VI) toxicity on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Enzyme Res. 2014;2014:784036.
Leena R, Raj DS. Bio-decolourization of textile effluent containing Reactive Black-B by effluent-adapted and non-adapted bacteria. Afr J Biotechnol. 2008;7(18):3309–13.
Tripathi A, Srinivastava SK. Biodegradation of orange G by a novel isolated bacterial strain Bacillus megaterium ITBHU01 using response surface methodology. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11(7):1768–81.
Oh Y-K, Seol E-H, Park S, Park S. Decolorization of synthetic dyes by Citrobacter amalonaticus Y19. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2011;42(3):492–7.
Kolekar YM, Pawar SP, Gawai KR, Lokhande PD, Shouche YS, Kodam KM. Decolorization and degradation of Disperse Blue 79 and Acid Orange 10, by Bacillus fusiformis KMK5 isolated from the textile dye contaminated soil. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99(18):8999–9003.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
